Star particle distribution.

Star particle distribution from a "full-physics" simulation of cosmic ray feedback with ion-neutral damping. Star clusters appear as compact regions of similarly-aged star particles.

Star Cluster Formation with Cosmic Ray Feedback

Star cluster formation in high-resolution tallbox simulations of galactic disks, including dynamical contributions from cosmic rays with the CRISP model.

Sike et al. (2025), submitted to ApJ arXiv:2510.06134